Do Antidepressants Affect Gut Health?
(DrEdddyClinic News) Antidepressants are a controversial class of prescription medicine used to treat or prevent clinical depression. An estimated 30 million Americans are currently taking antidepressants. The use of these drugs has skyrocketed over the last 15 years, likely due to increased marketing and social acceptance of depression and psychoactive pharmaceuticals.[1]
Antidepressant use comes with severe side effects for about 40% of the people taking them.[2] These may include sexual side effects (e.g., erectile dysfunction) , weight gain, headaches, joint pain, muscle aches, nausea, skin rashes, diarrhea, sleep disturbance, daytime sleepiness, nightmares, or sleepwalking. The good news is that you don’t necessarily have to rely on pharmaceuticals to feel like yourself again. In terms of efficacy, aerobic exercise is comparable to both talk therapy and drug therapy for depression.[3] Surprisingly, antidepressants may actually be less effective http://www.dreddyclinic.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=40&t=32433 for addressing mild depression than many people believe.
How Antidepressants Work
Antidepressants alter your brain chemistry. They increase the levels of some neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and noradrenaline, and affect mood and emotions.[3] While antidepressants can treat the symptoms of depression, they do not fully address the root cause of mental health issues. That’s why they’re usually used in conjunction with other therapies or treatments. Your state of mind depends on the proper function and sequencing of millions of chemical reactions. We’re not at the point where you can just take a pill and just be happy—brain chemistry is a complicated, nuanced tangle of reactions.[4]
What Does Mental Wellness Mean?
Often chalked up as just a “chemical imbalance in the brain”, clinical depression is a multifaceted disorder. Many factors influence the development, treatment, and severity. Genetics, season, environment, circadian rhythms, trauma, stress, and dozens of other factors can all contribute to clinical depression.[5]
In fact, some medications and medical conditions have been connected to mood disorders like depression. The list of associated medical conditions is long: thyroid hormone imbalances http://www.dreddyclinic.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=122&t=36229, heart disease, neurological conditions, stroke, nutritional deficiencies, endocrine disorders, lupus, hepatitis, HIV, cancer, and even erectile dysfunction. Two of the most infamous offenders are hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. An overactive thyroid may trigger manic episodes, while an underactive thyroid may cause depressive symptoms and fatigue.[4] Regardless of the source, each of the possible causes can lead to some failure in the body’s normal physiological processes, which may lead to depression.[5]
Curiously, recent research confirms the connection between the gut and your brain chemistry. It turns out that some of the friendly microorganisms that live in the colon — the microbiota — produce and deliver substances, like serotonin, which directly affect mood http://www.dreddyclinic.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=111&t=36228.[6] It turns out what’s happening in the gut is directly tied to many aspects of behavioral health.
So, what does this have to do with antidepressants?
Uncovering the Missing Link
As said, antidepressants http://www.dreddyclinic.com/forum/viewforum.php?f=40 are designed to alter brain chemistry, but the brain follows very specific patterns and pathways, and pharmaceuticals can have unintended and unexpected results on brain function. Failure to carry out normal brain mechanisms indicates a breakdown somewhere in the normal regulatory processes.
Since the brain and gut work closely together, altering brain chemistry cannot help but affect gut health.[7] In fact, 95 percent of the body’s serotonin is found in the gut. Because antidepressant drugs (SSRIs) increase serotonin levels, these medications can cause significant chemical changes in the gastrointestinal tract.[8] The effect is so strong that antidepressants are often prescribed over very short durations to treat gastric conditions like irritable bowel syndrome,[9] though this practice usually fails to be effective.[10]
The way to promote sustainable wellness doesn’t have to disturb the body’s natural physiological processes. Your body has a unique ability to take care of itself, you just have to give it the right tools. We believe that the best way to accomplish this is through proper nutrition and regular cleansing.
How Gut Health Works
The human gut is a living, self-contained, sustainable ecosystem. Your microbiota is made up of living, functioning microorganisms that work together to create this ecosystem. As long as the body is nourished and the microbiota is properly fed, it will be best positioned to function like it should.
Natural Approaches to Mental Wellness
Aerobic exercise, such as walking or jogging, seems to have significant positive effects on mood.[11] According to a 2012 meta-analysis of depression and exercise studies, as little as three 30-45 minute sessions per week can be sufficient to reduce depression. And just 90 minutes per week could be enough to dramatically reduce the risk of depression relapse.[3]
In the long run, you should do your best to address the underlying causes of mental illness and activate your body’s self-healing mechanisms to promote your wellbeing. At DrEddyClinic, we recommend an integrated approach to health that encompasses lifestyle, nutritional support, exercise, environment, and cleansing http://www.dreddyclinic.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=35916 to support complete wellness. Often, nutritional supplements can help encourage healthy brain function. For this reason, I’ve formulated NeuroFuzion® http://www.dreddyclinic.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=40&t=34395, a brain and mood supplement designed to support normal brain function, happiness, focus, and mental clarity.
What wellness approaches have you taken to improve your mood? Leave a comment and share your experiences with us.
by Dr. Edward Group DC, NP, DACBN, DCBCN, DABFM
References
1. Calderone, Julia. “The Rise of All-Purpose Antidepressants http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-rise-of-all-purpose-antidepressants/.” (2016): n.pag. Web. 14 Sept. 2016.
2. Cascade, Elisa, Amir H. Kalali, and Sidney H. Kennedy. “Real-World Data on SSRI Antidepressant Side Effects http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2719451/.” 6.2 (2009): n.pag. Web. 14 Sept. 2016.
3. James A. Blumenthal, Patrick J. Smith, Benson M. Hoffman. Is Exercise a Viable Treatment for Depression http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3674785/. ACSMs Health Fitness J. 2013 July 1.
4. Antidepressants http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Antidepressant-drugs/Pages/Introduction.aspx. NHS Choices.
5. What Causes Depression http://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/what-causes-depression. Harvard Health Publications.
6. Evrensel, Alper, and Mehmet Emin Ceylan. “The Gut-Brain Axis: The Missing Link in Depression http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4662178/.” 13.3 (2015): n.pag. Web. 14 Sept. 2016.
7. Dr. Siri Carpenter. That Gut Feeling http://www.apa.org/monitor/2012/09/gut-feeling.aspx. American Psychological Association. September 2012, Vol 43, No. 8.
8. Anthony L. Komaroff. The Gut-Brain Connection http://www.health.harvard.edu/healthbeat/the-gut-brain-connection. Harvard Health Letter. March 2012.
9. Gorard DA, Libby GW, Farthing MI. Influence of antidepressants on whole gut and orocaecal transit times in health and irritable bowel syndrome http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8038347. Ailment Pharmacol. Ther. 1994 Apr;8(2):159-66.
10. Antonina A Mikocka-Walus, Deborah A Turnbull, Nicole T Moulding, Ian G Wilson, Jane M Andrews, Gerald J Holtmann. Antidepressants and inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1599716/. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2006; 2: 24.
11. Cooney, Gary M, et al. “Exercise for Depression http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004366.pub6/abstract?TB_iframe=true&width=288&height=432.” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1996): n.pag. Web.
8 Benefits of Dextrin
(DrEddyClinic News) Dextrin is a natural fiber with a lot to offer. It can support your body’s ability to remove wastes. Fiber may also support satiation and healthy weight loss http://www.dreddyclinic.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=119&t=33238. Dextrin also has the ability to lower the glycemic load of a high-carbohydrate meal. Because it’s a water-soluble carbohydrate, it can act as a natural binding agent and that’s what we use it for in our Detox Foot Pads. Without a natural binder, the ingredients would disperse and deprive you of the product’s benefits. Let’s take a closer look at dextrin…
What is Dextrin?
Derived from dextrose (glucose), dextrin is a low-molecular-weight carbohydrate produced from the hydrolysis of starches. Hydrolysis, as the prefix suggests, involves water splitting into its basic molecular components and attaching to other molecules. While several types of dextrin exist, each have a similar formula and action in the body. Dextrin is used in many glue products due to its adhesive qualities and safety. The indigestible form of dextrin is often used as a fiber supplement. This is what’s contained in my Detox Foot Pads http://www.dreddyclinic.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=33916.
The Health Benefits of Dextrin
Most any dietary fiber offers numerous health benefits, including weight loss and toxin cleansing. Dextrin has been linked to support for heart health http://www.dreddyclinic.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=106&t=32685, blood sugar, and overall health. Here are 8 of the top benefits of dextrin.
1. Promotes Healthy Intestinal Flora
Dextrin is considered a prebiotic, compounds that feed probiotics or “good” bacteria. [1] It has been shown to aid lactobacilli, a powerful beneficial bacteria responsible for supporting digestion http://www.dreddyclinic.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=36&t=32748. [2] As the good bacteria continues to proliferate throughout the digestive system, a balanced ratio of good to bad bacteria is established.
2. Supports Healthy Cholesterol Levels
Dietary fiber has been shown to reduce “bad” cholesterol (LDL) levels to support cardiovascular health. [3] As a dietary fiber, dextrin is no exception and has been shown to reduce triglyceride levels. [4] Triglycerides are fats in the blood that have the ability to increase heart disease and stroke http://www.dreddyclinic.com/findinformation/ss/stroke.php risk. Although it may lower LDL levels, dextrin may help maintain HDL levels, or the “good” cholesterol http://www.dreddyclinic.com/findinformation/hh/highbloodcholesterol.php.
3. Relieves Occasional Constipation
In general, fiber provides bulk in the intestines and allows for the elimination of wastes out of the body via increased bowel movement frequency. [5] Fiber, including dextrin, needs to be consumed with plenty of water for effectiveness. Without hydration, fiber can’t move and can actually compound constipation http://dreddyclinic.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=36&t=33802. Dietary fiber supplements often contain dextrin as one of the fiber sources because it’s so effective.
4. Cleansing
The cleansing effects of dextrin are tied to its ability to increase the frequency of bowel movements. Many toxins are stored in human wastes, yet a number of individuals have difficulty eliminating these wastes on a regular basis. Indigestible fiber also attaches itself to a variety of toxins in the body http://dreddyclinic.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=33808, like PCBs, and aids in their excretion. [6] Their ability to provide growth to beneficial bacteria in the digestive system also aids cleansing, as probiotics are an essential component of reducing toxic bacteria that contribute to common health conditions.
5. Supports Healthy Blood Sugar
Fiber has a long-standing reputation for supporting healthy blood sugar levels, both in healthy individuals and type II diabetics. Dextrin, along with all dietary fibers, may aid in reducing the glycemic load of a meal containing carbohydrates. These fibers must be taken before or during the meal to have a noticeable effect. Although fiber is a carbohydrate, it is not digested and does not raise blood sugar or insulin. Water-soluble fiber, like dextrin, displays the most beneficial effect on glucose levels. [7]
6. Supports Heart Health
The cholesterol- and triglyceride-lowering effects of dextrin make it an excellent dietary addition for supporting heart health. [8] The compound may provide support for the heart and blood vessels, an action that may lower the risk for heart disease. These are the main factors in which dextrin supports heart health, yet many researchers speculate whether or not fiber offers further benefits to the cardiovascular system. Future studies may provide more evidence in support of dextrin and the promotion of heart health.
7. Provides Satiation and Healthy Weight Loss
Dextrin may help provide satiation, helping the body feel full and satisfied. In all its forms, fiber creates more bulk in the stomach and breaks down very slowly. This feeling of fullness can be very helpful for people who are wishing to lose weight. Individuals wishing to reduce their between meal snacking may want to incorporate more fiber-rich foods in their diet. Promoting a natural feeling of satiation may be helpful for providing sustained, natural weight loss. Dextrin may help reduce the size of fat cells, possibly aiding in fighting obesity http://dreddyclinic.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=99&t=33405. More research is needed in relation to fiber and obesity to determine if the indigestible carbohydrate can indeed combat this growing issue.
8. Supports Colon Health
Research has shown that individuals who consume higher levels of water-soluble fiber have a decreased risk for colorectal cancer compared with those who consume a low-carbohydrate diet. [9] There are a few theories behind this benefit, none of which have been fully proven. One theory is that, because of its effectiveness for facilitating waste removal from the body, it may reduce an interior toxic environment that is conducive for cancer. Another theory refers to its ability to feed good bacteria in the intestines http://www.dreddyclinic.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=21&t=32283, which may play a role in protecting the colon. It could also be that people who eat a high-fiber diet are also eating a diet rich in plant foods, all of which contain varying levels of antioxidants that may support colon health.
Conclusion
As mentioned above, dextrin is used in our Detox Foot Pads because it binds the active ingredients together. Its ability to bind with toxins facilitates their expulsion from the body, making it an important addition to the product. In addition to the other ingredients, dextrin may support the body’s natural detoxification abilities and aid in supporting overall health.
What’s your experience with dextrin? Leave a comment below!
by Dr. Edward Group DC, NP, DACBN, DCBCN, DABFM
References:
1. Lefranc-Millot C, Guerin-Deremaux L, Wils D, Neut C, Miller LE, Saniez-Degrave MH. Impact of a resistant dextrin on intestinal ecology: how altering the digestive ecosystem with NUTRIOSE®, a soluble fibre with prebiotic properties, may be beneficial for health http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22429361. J Int Med Res. 2012;40(1):211-24.
2. Slizewska K. The citric acid-modified, enzyme-resistant dextrin from potato starch as a potential prebiotic http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24432315. Acta Biochim Pol. 2013;60(4):671-5.
3. Bazzano LA. Effects of soluble dietary fiber on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and coronary heart disease risk http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18937894. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2008 Dec;10(6):473-7.
4. Nagata, J., and M. Saito. Effects of simultaneous intakes of indigestible dextrin and diacylglycerol on lipid profiles in rats fed cholesterol diets http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16457989. Nutrition 22 (2006): 395-400.
5. Jing Yang, Hai-Peng Wang, Li Zhou, and Chun-Fang Xu. Effect of dietary fiber on constipation: A meta analysis http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3544045/. World J Gastrointerol. Dec 28, 2012; 18(48): 7378-7383.
6. Kimura, Yasuhiro, Yasuo Nagata, and Randal K. Buddington. Some Dietary Fibers Increase Elimination of Orally Administered Polychlorinated Biphenyls but Not That of Retinol in Mice http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14704306. Journal of Nutrition 134 (2004): 135-42.
7. Riccardi G, Rivellese AA. Effects of dietary fiber and carbohydrate on glucose and lipoprotein metabolism in diabetic patients http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1663443. Diabetes Care. 1991 Dec;14(12):1115-25.
8. Slavin JL, Savarino V, Paredes-Diaz A, Fotopoulos G. A review of the role of soluble fiber in health with specific reference to wheat dextrin http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19215668. J Int Med Res. 2009 Jan-Feb;37(1):1-17.
9. National Cancer Institute. Colorectal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®) http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/colorectal/HealthProfessional/page3. NCI. Fact Sheet.
Vitamin D slashes risk of bowel cancer by 40 percent
(DrEddyClinic News) A recent study published in the British Medical Journal found that high levels of vitamin D help to lower the risk of developing bowel cancer. The study, which was the largest of its kind, evaluated nearly 2,500 people with and without bowel cancer to see how vitamin D http://dreddyclinic.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=21&t=33209 plays a role in preventing the disease.
Scientists from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in Lyon, France, and Imperial College London, compared 1,248 bowel cancer patients with 1,248 control group patients. Observers were able to make a clear connection between bowel cancer and low vitamin D levels, indicating that maintaining higher blood serum levels of vitamin D may help to prevent it.
Vitamin D is primarily derived from exposure to natural sunlight where the skin converts UVB rays to the vitamin D http://www.dreddyclinic.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=21&t=31177. During the winter months or other times when sun exposure is limited, though, it can be difficult to get adequate levels of vitamin D. Few foods are rich in vitamin D but a few of the best sources include fish, cod liver oil, and raw milk.
Despite their findings, study authors do not suggest supplementing with vitamin D http://www.dreddyclinic.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=33&t=33212. They claim that further studies are needed to verify that vitamin D does not increase the risk of developing other types of cancer or inflicting harm. They did estimate, however, that even a 10 percent increase in vitamin D intake among the U.K. population would reduce bowel cancer cases by 7 percent.
It is unclear precisely why the researchers would not endorse vitamin D supplementation when considering that truly therapeutic doses of vitamin D range in the tens of thousands. Though the U.S. Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) of vitamin D http://www.dreddyclinic.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=122&t=30206 is a mere 400 IU, proper daily dosages range upwards of 10,000 IU for maximum health.
According to the Vitamin D Council, fears over vitamin D toxicity and taking too much of it are unwarranted. To date, there is no solid evidence indicating that any reasonable dose of cholecalciferol, the natural form commonly labeled as D3, is dangerous. Twenty minutes of summer sunlight will produce roughly 20,000 IU of sunlight in the body, so supplementing with that amount will not cause harm.
Research conducted by Dr. Robert Heaney from the American Dietetic Association also shows that vitamin D3 has a therapeutic index of 10, making it twice as safe as water when taken in reasonable doses below 40,000 IU a day.
Sources for this story include:
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/7048340/Vitamin-D-guards-against-bowel-cancer-research-suggests.html
http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamind.asp
http://www.vitamindcouncil.org/vitaminDToxicity.shtml
Vitamin D May Lower Colon Cancer Risk
(DrEddyClinic News) -- High levels of vitamin D http://www.dreddyclinic.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=122&t=30206 in the blood appear to be linked to lower risks of colorectal cancer, although it's not clear if higher intake of the vitamin actually prevents the disease, researchers say.
Still, the findings are food for thought: Scientists found that those with the highest levels of vitamin D htpp://www.dreddyclinic.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=33&t=33212 in their blood had as much as a 40 percent lower risk for developing colorectal cancer than those with the lowest levels.
The research, published online Jan. 21 in BMJ, is based on a study of more than 520,000 people from 10 countries in Western Europe. The study participants gave blood samples and filled out diet and lifestyle questionnaires between 1992 and 1998. They were then tracked for several more years to see what happened to them.
During the follow-up period, 1,248 were diagnosed with colorectal cancer http://www.dreddyclinic.com/findinformation/cc/colorectalcancer.php. These participants were compared with a similar group of 1,248 people who were not diagnosed with the disease.
The researchers cautioned that it's not clear if there are risks from consuming high levels of vitamin D http://www.dreddyclinic.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=21&t=33209, which is available in supplements. It's also not known whether supplements are necessary if people reach certain levels through a healthy diet, exercise and moderate exposure to sunlight.
The study authors noted that current recommendations for preventing colorectal cancer http://www.dreddyclinic.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=15&t=34685 include exercising, not smoking, reducing obesity and abdominal fat, and limiting consumption of alcohol and red and processed meats http://www.dreddyclinic.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=72&t=28269.
The U.S. Office of Dietary Supplements has more on vitamin D.
http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamind.asp
http://www.dreddyclinic.com/findinformation/cc/colorectalcancer.php
Whole Grains, Fiber, and Colon Cancer: Some Whole Grains are
(DrEddyClinic News) The vast majority of the grain products eaten in the U.S. are refined. When whole grains are refined, for example into white flour or white rice http://www.dreddyclinic.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=18&t=32823, they are stripped of fiber and micronutrients, leaving behind a calorie-rich, nutrient-poor food. A meta-analysis pooling the data from 6 previous studies has concluded that eating three servings (about 90 grams) of whole grains daily is associated with a 17% decrease in the risk of colorectal cancers http://www.dreddyclinic.com/findinformation/cc/colorectalcancer.php. Also, in review of 16 other studies, they concluded that every 10 grams of fiber consumed daily provided a 12% reduction in colon cancer risk.1 So it is the refined grains that could increase one’s risk of colon cancer.2,3 Studies have also linked refined grains with higher rates of breast cancer http://www.dreddyclinic.com/findinformation/cc/breastcancer.php as well.4,5
The most favorable way to consume grains is with the grain remaining intact. Examples of intact grains are brown and wild rice, wheat berries, barley, quinoa http://www.dreddyclinic.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=18&t=33577, and steel cut oats. Cooking these grains in water is the most healthful way to prepare them, which also prevents the formation of acrylamide, a potentially toxic compound formed with dry cooking. Intact whole grains can be eaten for breakfast with fruit and seeds or with tomato sauce and onions with lunch or dinner. Whole wheat pasta also has a fairly favorable glycemic load, but bean and lentil pastas are even better, considering the resistant starch content and glycemic benefits of beans.
Also, too much grain, even whole grains can make your diet sub-optimal. The reason for this can be:
1. If you eat too many grains, you may not be eating enough beans and green and yellow vegetables, which are more micronutrient dense.
2. Most brown rice is contaminated with arsenic-containing agricultural chemicals, which can find their way on to your plate.
3. Many whole grain breads, cereals, and crackers are dry cooked and can be browned forming a toxin called acrylamide http://www.dreddyclinic.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=33722, which is potentially harmful. High acrylamide intake is associated with several cancers.6-8
4. Whole grain pastry flour can still have an unfavorable glycemic load (GL) because it is ground so fine. Many studies have linked high GL foods to increased risk of colorectal cancers.9
Among carbohydrate sources, beans are superior to whole grains with respect to their micronutrient density, glycemic effects, and fiber and resistant starch content.
For example, barley has a GL of 12, and a fiber plus resistant starch content of 35.2%; black beans have a GL of 5 and fiber plus resistant starch content of 69.5%.10,11
Glycemic load (GL)
Fiber + Resistant Starch
Whole wheat bread
26
13.8%
Barley
12
35.2%
Black beans
5
69.5%
Fiber helps to prevent colon cancer by reducing the contact between dietary carcinogens and intestinal cells via increasing stool bulk and accelerating transit time.12,13 Resistant starch, similar to fiber, is a carbohydrate that is not broken down by human digestive enzymes. Fiber and resistant starch act as prebiotics, fueling the growth of healthy bacteria (probiotics); healthy bacteria in gut the ferment fiber and resistant starch, forming short-chain fatty acids that have a number of anti-cancer effects.14-17 Eating beans, peas or lentils, at least twice a week, has been found to decrease colon cancer risk by 50%.18,19
In summary, intact whole grains are healthful natural foods that contain beneficial phytochemicals. For optimal disease protection, I recommend eating beans every day, avoiding refined grains, and primarily eating whole grains intact and cooked in water (rather than as breads or pastas).
References:
1. Aune D, Chan DS, Lau R, et al: Dietary fibre, whole grains, and risk of colorectal cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ 2011;343:d6617.
2. Higginbotham S, Zhang ZF, Lee IM, et al: Dietary glycemic load and risk of colorectal cancer in the Women's Health Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004;96:229-233.
3. Michaud DS, Fuchs CS, Liu S, et al: Dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate, sugar, and colorectal cancer risk in men and women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14:138-147.
4. Romieu I, Ferrari P, Rinaldi S, et al: Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load and breast cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Am J Clin Nutr 2012;96:345-355.
5. Dong JY, Qin LQ: Dietary glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of breast cancer: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011;126:287-294.
6. Hogervorst JG, Schouten LJ, Konings EJ, et al: A prospective study of dietary acrylamide intake and the risk of endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16:2304-2313.
7. Hogervorst JG, Schouten LJ, Konings EJ, et al: Dietary acrylamide intake and the risk of renal cell, bladder, and prostate cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87:1428-1438.
8. Center for Science in the Public Interest: Acrylamide Product Charts [http://www.cspinet.org/new/pdf/acrylamide_product_charts.pdf]
9. Gnagnarella P, Gandini S, La Vecchia C, et al: Glycemic index, glycemic load, and cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87:1793-1801.
10. Bednar GE, Patil AR, Murray SM, et al: Starch and fiber fractions in selected food and feed ingredients affect their small intestinal digestibility and fermentability and their large bowel fermentability in vitro in a canine model. J Nutr 2001;131:276-286.
11. Atkinson FS, Foster-Powell K, Brand-Miller JC: International tables of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2008. Diabetes Care 2008;31:2281-2283.
12. Jacobs LR: Modification of experimental colon carcinogenesis by dietary fibers. Adv Exp Med Biol 1986;206:105-118.
13. Gear JS, Brodribb AJ, Ware A, et al: Fibre and bowel transit times. Br J Nutr 1981;45:77-82.
14. O'Keefe SJ, Ou J, Aufreiter S, et al: Products of the colonic microbiota mediate the effects of diet on colon cancer risk. J Nutr 2009;139:2044-2048.
15. Dronamraju SS, Coxhead JM, Kelly SB, et al: Cell kinetics and gene expression changes in colorectal cancer patients given resistant starch: a randomised controlled trial. Gut 2009;58:413-420.
16. Williams EA, Coxhead JM, Mathers JC: Anti-cancer effects of butyrate: use of micro-array technology to investigate mechanisms. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2003;62:107-115.
17. Hamer HM, Jonkers D, Venema K, et al: Review article: the role of butyrate on colonic function. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008;27:104-119.
18. Aune D, De Stefani E, Ronco A, et al: Legume intake and the risk of cancer: a multisite case-control study in Uruguay. Cancer Causes Control 2009;20:1605-1615.
19. Singh PN, Fraser GE: Dietary risk factors for colon cancer in a low-risk population. Am J Epidemiol 1998;148:761-774.
Studies of in vivo amyloid beta-peptide
Since Beta Amyloid plaque is widely believed today to be a contributor to Alzheimer's disease (see reference) and Nattokinase has been shown to favorably influence that process, along with safely helping prevent excessive blood clotting, we now have major reasons to add Endokinase to our Beyond Chelation program. Nattokinase has also been safely used with Essential Daily Defense and Boluoke to replace Coumadin in a patient with a mechanical heart valve.
Garry F. Gordon MD,DO,MD(H)
President, Gordon Research Institute
http://www.gordonresearch.com
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118002007/abstract
Wiley Interscience
Review
Redox proteomics studies of in vivo amyloid beta-peptide animal models of Alzheimer's disease: Insight into the role of oxidative stress
Rukhsana Sultana 1 2, D. Allan Butterfield, Professor 1 2 3 * 1Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA 2Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA 3Center of Membrane Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
D. Allan Butterfield
*Correspondence to D. Allan Butterfield, Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA Fax: +1-859-257-5876 Funded by:
NIH; Grant Number: AG-05119, AG-10836
ABSTRACT
Alzheimer's disease (AD) http://www.dreddyclinic.com/findinformation/aa/alzheimersdisease.php is an age-related neurodegenerative disease. AD is characterized by the presence of senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and synaptic loss. Amyloid -peptide (A ), a component of senile plaques, has been proposed to play an important role in oxidative stress in AD brain and could be one of the key factors in the pathogenesis of AD. In the present review, we discuss some of the AD animal models that express A , and compare the proteomics-identified oxidatively modified proteins between AD brain and those of A models. Such a comparison would allow better understanding of the role of A in AD pathogenesis thereby helping in developing potential therapeutics to treat or delay AD.
